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Sensory predictions in the human brain

Lay summary

Le cerveau fonctionne continuellement comme une machine prédictive, ce qui lui permet de former des prédictions actives (c'est-à-dire lorsque celles-ci sont générées consciemment et sont pertinentes pour nos actions immédiates), mais aussi lorsque l'accès conscient aux stimuli sensoriels est diminué, comme par exemple pendant le sommeil. Des traces prédictives se manifestent à plusieurs étapes du traitement de l'information sensorielle dans le cerveau. Une théorie répandue est que les régions «supérieures» de la hiérarchie corticale, c'est-à-dire les zones frontales, propagent les prédictions aux régions «inférieures», c'est-à-dire les zones sensorielles. Bien que l'électrophysiologie de ce réseau prédictif de base ait été bien étudiée, on ignore encore comment il est modulé par un accès conscient à l'environnement, et par l’apprentissage de nouvelles informations sensorielles. Dans ce projet nous examinerons comment l'accès conscient à l'environnement module la formation des prédictions sensorielles, en utilisant l'électroencéphalographie (EEG), une technique qui permet de mesurer l’activité neuronale du cerveau.

Ce projet promet d'avancer notre compréhension des cas pathologiques où les prédictions sensorielles sont altérées, comme chez les patients souffrant de troubles de la conscience et d'une multitude de troubles neuropsychiatriques tels que la schizophrénie.

Abstract

The world around us is full of rich sensory experiences, which often follow repetitive rules. Through exposure to reoccurring sensory stimuli, we are able to learn patterns and form predictions that help us anticipate future events before these occur, or, infer the state of the world in cases where sensory information is incomplete. The brain continuously operates as a predictive machine not only supporting active predictions (i.e. when these are consciously generated and relevant to our immediate actions), but also when conscious access to incoming sensory stimuli can be excluded, such as during sleep, coma or anesthesia. Predictive traces manifest in multiple stages of sensory information processing, with the most prevalent theory being that ‘higher’ regions of the cortical hierarchy, i.e. frontal areas, propagate predictions to ‘lower’ regions, i.e. sensory areas. Although the electrophysiology of this basic predictive network has been well investigated, it remains unknown what are its computational contents and how these are modulated by conscious access to the environment. The present project will combine electrophysiological recordings in humans with computational modelling techniques to achieve two main goals: first, to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie the formation of sensory predictions across cortical hierarchies, and second, to study how these are modulated by consciousness. This project will shed light on the computational and neural mechanisms that underlie the formation of sensory predictions in the human brain. A mechanistic understanding of how these are modulated by consciousness in healthy conditions promises to improve our understanding of pathological cases where sensory predictions are impaired, such as in patients with disorders of consciousness and a host of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.

Last updated:17.07.2023

  Prof.Athina Tzovara